澳洲的牛只品种Australian Cattle Breeds

Australian Cattle Breeds

澳大利亚牛只品种

Surrounded by sea, Australia is geographically and historically isolated from outside sources of infection and is recognised as being free of major livestock-borne diseases in the world.

澳大利亚四面环海，由于地理和历史的原因与外界传染源隔绝，澳大利亚是世界上公认的没有主要牲畜传染疾病的国家。

Australia's cattle herd totals nearly 29 million head and the beef industry is broadly divided into two regions - the north and the south - and cattle breeds can be divided into two main categories - temperate and tropical breeds.

澳大利亚的牛群总数接近2,900万头，牛肉行业大致分为北部和南部两块区域，牛种可以分为两大主类——温带牛种和热带牛种。

In the southern part of Australia there are a large number of pastures, mostly small ones with a small number of cattle. The cattle living in this area are mainly the Bos Taurus, a temperate breed of cattle.

在澳洲南方地区牧场数量很多，大都是牛只数量较少的小型牧场。这个地区生活的牛只主要是温带牛种——特洛斯 (Bos Taurus)。

Bos Taurus originated in Europe and are often referred to as the English breed. They prefer a mild climate and are mostly found in the southern part of Australia. They are short and stocky and can withstand the cold southern winters with their long hair covering their bodies. Although smaller-boned, they mature faster and their muscle mass grows faster than tropical cattle breeds.

特洛斯 (Bos Taurus) 起源于欧洲，通常被称为英国品种。它们喜欢温和的气候，在澳大利亚国内大多分布在南部地区。它们身型较矮、体格壮硕，可以通过身上覆盖的长毛来抵御南方寒冷的冬季。虽然骨架较小，但成熟速度较快，其肌肉量也比热带牛种增长更快。

Common Telos breeds include Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, Charolais, Simmental and Murray Grey. One of the most widely known Troos breeds is the Angus, which originated in Scotland. These cattle are very adaptable and have excellent qualities, and are often used to crossbreed with other breeds of cattle to strengthen the genes of their offspring.

常见的特洛斯品种包括安格斯 (Angus)、赫里福 (Hereford)、短角牛(Shorthorn)、夏洛莱 (Charolais)、西门塔尔 (Simmental) 和墨瑞灰 (Murray Grey)。其中，最广为人知的特洛斯品种是源自苏格兰的安格斯 (Angus)。这种牛有非常强的适应力和优良品质，常常用来与其他品种的牛杂交，强化后代的基因。

The northern part of Australia, on the contrary, has a warm climate all year round, and although the number of pastures in the north is small, they are large and have a large number of cattle. The cattle that live here belong to the tropical breed, Bos Indicus.

澳洲北方地区则相反，常年气候温暖，虽然北部牧场数量较少，但规模较大且牛只数目众多。这里居住的牛只属于热带牛种——印第克斯 (Bos Indicus)。

Bos Indicus originated in Asia and are inherently adapted to the humid heat of northern Australia. They have smooth skin and short hair, and because their skins reflect the sun's rays, they are also less susceptible to sunburn. In addition, these cattle have chemicals in their sweat that repel lice and other parasites, and some breeds of Indicus secrete such chemicals in their tails, so when they swat their tails at mosquitoes, they are applying insect repellent to their bodies.

印第克斯 (Bos Indicus) 起源于亚洲，本身就适应澳大利亚北部地带的潮湿炎热。它们皮肤光滑、毛短，因其皮会反射太阳光，所以也不易被晒伤。另外，这类牛只汗液中自带有能驱散牛虱和其他寄生虫的化学成分，有些品种的印第克斯尾巴上也能分泌这样的化学物质，所以当它们甩尾巴拍打蚊虫的时候，就等于在给身体涂抹驱虫药水。

Compared to temperate cattle breeds, Indicas usually have larger bones and longer legs, so they can easily wander across vast and relatively barren lands in search of food and water. They are naturally strong and adaptable to the harshness of arid conditions.

相对温带牛种而言，印第克斯通常骨架更大、腿更长，因此能轻松地在广阔而相对贫瘠的土地上游走，寻找食物和水。他们天生强壮，能适应干旱严酷的环境。

Cattle with Indicus bloodlines are easily recognizable because they have a bulging hump between their shoulders. This stores fat to supply energy in case of food shortages. They also have large, loose ears and pendulous flesh (loose skin on the chest) that helps the body dissipate heat better.

拥有印第克斯血统的牛很容易就能认出来，因为它们的双肩之间有一个隆起的驼峰。这里面储藏着脂肪，以备食物短缺的时候供给能量。它们还有大而松弛的双耳和垂肉 (胸前的松弛皮肤) ，帮助身体更好地散热。

Common Indicus breeds include Brahman, Droughtmaster, Santa Gertrudis, Brangus (a cross between Angus and Brahman), and Braford (a cross between Hereford and Brahman).

常见的印第克斯品种包括婆罗门 (Brahman)、抗旱王(Droughtmaster)、圣热特鲁迪斯 (Santa Gertrudis)、布兰格斯 (Brangus，安格斯与婆罗门的杂交品种) 以及白来福 (Braford，赫里福与婆罗门的杂交品种)。

²                      The above information is for reference only.

²                      以上信息仅供参考